Factores asociados al proceso de recuperación en pacientes postquirúrgicos: revisión de literatura
Palabras clave:
Paciente postquirúrgico, Factores asociados, Recuperación, Recuperación postoperatoriaResumen
La recuperación postquirúrgica es un proceso multifactorial de gran relevancia para el pronóstico y la calidad de vida de los pacientes, así como para la eficiencia de los sistemas de salud. Diversos factores fisiológicos, metabólicos, psicológicos y sociales pueden influir en los desenlaces postoperatorios, y la identificación oportuna de estos elementos resulta fundamental para optimizar la atención y reducir complicaciones. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la evidencia científica disponible sobre los factores asociados al proceso de recuperación en pacientes postquirúrgicos, mediante una revisión narrativa de la literatura reciente. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en las bases de datos PubMed, ScienceDirect, LILACS y Cochrane Library, abarcando publicaciones en inglés y español de los últimos diez años. Se incluyeron revisiones sistemáticas, metaanálisis, ensayos clínicos y estudios observacionales relevantes para el tema, y se evaluó la calidad metodológica de los estudios seleccionados utilizando instrumentos validados. Los resultados evidenciaron que la edad avanzada, la presencia de comorbilidades, la malnutrición, la fragilidad y factores psicológicos como la ansiedad y la depresión se asocian con mayor riesgo de complicaciones y recuperación prolongada. Asimismo, la implementación de protocolos clínicos estructurados, como ERAS, la movilización y nutrición tempranas y el apoyo multidisciplinario, demostraron reducir complicaciones, estancia hospitalaria y mejorar la funcionalidad del paciente. En conclusión, el abordaje integral y personalizado de los factores de riesgo, junto con la aplicación sistemática de estrategias basadas en la evidencia, son determinantes para optimizar la recuperación postquirúrgica y mejorar los resultados clínicos.
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